Lab results are a good measure of internal health. A personal trainer offers advice on muscular health. And a therapist can diagnose mental health.

But what's a good measure of financial well-being?

As a rule, mortgage lenders prefer a back-end ratio of 28% or lower. And 36% or less is an ideal front-end ratio.

Let's unpack what these numbers mean.

What is a debt-to-income (DTI) ratio?

In the lending industry, the debt-to-income (DTI) ratio is one of the key indicators used to gauge financial health.

For banks and lenders, your DTI ratio is a snapshot of your financial situation. It gives them an idea of how well you manage your finances and how much of a monthly mortgage payment you can afford. A DTI calculation compares total monthly debt payments to monthly gross income.

Calculating your DTI ratio

When determining a home loan mortgage rate, most mortgage lenders required two separate DTI calculations: the front-end ratio and the back-end ratio.

Front-end DTI ratio

The front-end ratio is the percentage of your gross monthly income that will be used to pay housing expenses. You’ll also hear it referred to as the housing expense ratio.

There are typically four housing costs used to calculate front-end debt:

• Monthly mortgage payment
• Property taxes
• Homeowners insurance
• HOA dues

Back-end DTI ratio

Back-end debt includes two separate totals. The first is the total of all monthly payments in the categories that appear on a credit report:

• Mortgage payment or rent payment
• Auto loan payment
• Personal loan payments
• Student loan payments
• Alimony and child support payments
• Credit card debt in the form of minimum credit card payments
• Monthly minimum payment on a home equity line of credit (HELOC)
• Other monthly debt payments included on your credit report

To complete the back-end ratio calculation, add your total monthly payments from the list above to your total front-end debt. This figure, represented as a percentage, is your overall DTI ratio. A high DTI ratio informs lenders that too much of your income goes toward your total monthly debt and that it may be risky to offer you a new loan.

Which brings us to the big question: What is a good debt to income ratio?

The ideal debt-to-income ratio

As mentioned above, mortgage lenders like a back-end ratio of 28% or lower. And 36% or less is an ideal front-end ratio.

Depending on the type of qualified mortgage you apply for, these ranges may change. For example, Fannie Mae- or Freddie Mac-backed conventional loans may allow for a higher DTI ratio—up to 50%, in some cases. The borrower must have excellent credit, sizable assets and substantial down payment.

With Federal Housing Administration (FHA) loans, home buyers with a higher DTI ratio often qualify for more competitive interest rates if their credit score is 620 or better. VA loans are even more generous. The maximum allowable back-end ratio increases to 41% and front-end ratio calculations are not required.

If you're confident that your DTI ratio meets the parameters for a qualified mortgage, the next step is to determine your down payment.


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